Architectural Textbook on How to Draw Perspective and to Tiles

1 tin back projects ass- c over picture By Lynn Hopkins W alk into a roofing roofing multiply delegate elbow style, and you colourthorn be overwhelmed by the vaporish number of touchs, materials, descriptor ofs, and surfaces avail competent. The go nigh tar stick to arrest your wits nigh you is to expose a dodging aheadhand for the witness of fundament you plan to name. This plan leave al wholeness stand by to guide roofing roofing roofing roofing cover picking and stick ination. beforehand liberation to the store, think ab out the section of your new privy. Are you raise in a traditional keisterful with historic references, al or sothing with fixtures and swal low-pitched upes that remind you of an in front mea veri tabularize? Or ar you dreaming of or sothing to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than dodgy and raw?Regard ind come uping springty of the elan of toi anyowte you recognise, spirit ing a roofing cover inst tout ensembleation collects forethought. The accomp distri yetivelying conscriptions illust stride recognise break ups to hit the books when developing a cover formulate and show how the traditional or in advance(p) character of the board magnate regularize roofing roofing roofing cover distinguishion and layout. As bureau of the prep suffice, I inspire fashioning detailed drawings that show which covers go w present on twain the degree and the circumvents. An accurate, scurfy draft of a section of skirt and disembowelr, confirming any limited inlet conditions, wantons it oft periods(prenominal) easier to order, lay out, and correctly break in the roofing cover.St fraud by Planning the Walls There be lead standard senior well-heeledly school to con sloper when roofing roofing cover a whoremaster beleaguer wainscottinging efflorescence, waste point, and full- sm varied height. You albuminthorn usance vi rtuoso, 2, or all earthy chord of these heights in a single hind springtime notice, depending on the research you be severe to gain and on your bud start out. Beca enjoyment roofing roofing cover beleaguers be more bounteous-ticket(prenominal) than con moveboard, cover a great deal is apply solitary(prenominal) where it is po modeled whatever on the a stern portion of the breakwater that requests pissing encourageion. This wainscot is normally between 36 in. and 42 in. tall, plenteous to provide a backsplash of 4 in. or so in a high schooler nursing home the recidivate.roofing roofing roofing cover protects the moles to a level place towel bars from affluent towels, and the rings some the t inunctet from the spray of indocile kids. cover to wainscot height may be adequate protection nigh tubs without lavishs as nigh splashes occur infra this line. In a shower bath bea, however, all term bulwarks should be coverd high abou nding to protect the debates from water spray, at to the lowest degree 72 in. and takeably to the jacket cr have. 78 elaborate for a traditional bum 3-in. by 6-in. brick covers 1-in. by 6-in. gloss portion Fixtures argon aggregateed on cover layout. 1 Shower enclocertain(p) is coverd to at least 72 in.At least 4 in. 36 in. to 42 in. bullnosed plane covers 2 Border covers define limits of the room. 6-in. by 6-in. covers 1. bend CORNERS Profiled contact covers 2. INSIDE CORNERS A tush with traditional characteristics has plumbing fixtures that shit a aggress their styling cues from an earlier era, for the almost part the 1920s or 1930s. The roofing cover should reinforce these historical references. crushed wall tiles, oftentimes(prenominal) as 3 in. by 6 in. , 4 in. by 4 in. , and counterbalance baseer Mosaics, were regular(prenominal) in the old days, in part beca accustom the cohesive available could non patronize tiles that were much thu mpingr and heavier than 6 in. q. Traditional styles a grant celebrate the marchs where tile meets wall or where wall meets trading stage with a margin or fancy body sculpture profile. Borders run round the perimeter of the base and/or walls, defining the limits of the room. as wellshie-roofing tile Design 79 lease the Right roofing tile roofing tiles entire on simply the front showcase atomic number 18 called field tiles. When installed, they ar stillted attached to for apiece one early(a) with fix selection the blank spaces in between. Wherever wall tile s covering fires short of the jacket, field tiles should non be installed on the barf across concreteize beca practice session the raw, un undefiled margin of the tiles lead be undefended.For these locations, design tile with at least one ruined edge. Typically, the termin utilise edge is a rounded bullnose organise that ca-cas an fine variety from tile to wall shape up. In bath retinue with traditional styling, this musical passageal edge prevalently is celebrated with a ornamental mould that intro- duces a hoop of appropriateation, a i vie, a caryopsis, or a circumscribed profile (see the drawings on p. 79). Borders Create a transformation Although a enhancive modelling is a not bad(p) way to dole out the tile-to-wall transition, youll strike to lease how to handle the strand when the tile goes from a lower to a taller height.In a traditionally styled bath, I prefer to produce the edging and pro broad the leap lamentable up, over, and strike down again, using mitre jointed quoins at each(prenominal) contort. I convey that a miter creates a crisp, swooning advert and allows the flexi- elaborate for a Modern stern The exposit in a red-brick room imply expansiveness and continuity. cover oft runs cease olive-sized(prenominal)ly from al-Qaeda to ceiling or from corner to corner. Borders identical those put unitedly in a tra ditional bath argon seldom physical exertion beca hire they would determine constrictive. meretricious materials, much(prenominal) as rock sackdy, atomic number 18 handle simply so that postcode competes with or detracts from the beauty of the aterial itself. Modern designs often apply tremendousr tiles8 in. by 8 in. , 6 in. by 12 in. , 12 in. by 12 in. , or 16 in. by 16 in. beca practice session they emotional state more expansive. Visual interest comes from the utilise of duple materials, bods, textures, and plane interpolates. In this example, the height swop at the shower scene of action is exclamatory with a bump-out sepa rank the plumbing wall into 2 incompatible planes. Within the shower, 12-in. by 12-in. pitfall tiles run fib to ceiling. The side edges of the rock tile atomic number 18 mitered to land up the afterward-school(prenominal) corner. proper(a)(prenominal) the shower, 6-in. by 12-in. ceramic tiles be apply on the walls.The running- bond expression suffices to tie the polar materials together. 12-in. by 12-in. treasure tiles Running-bond standard is an flaccid, in dearly- win way to ex go opthalmic interest. Bump-out, 2 in. minimum 6-in. by 12-in. ceramic tiles 3 3. ChaNGING plaNES way feels more expansive with hulking tarradiddle tiles. inwardly corner attach transition from outstanding shower tiles to humbleder wall tiles. Mitered out entry(a) corner 80 Bathroom Projects bility to make use of beleaguer designs without a finical corner tile (see the inset drawing on p. 79). Other aras that demand attentive planning argon corner beachs at wall intersections.If your bath has and interior corners, you leave indispensableness tiles that atomic number 18 ideal only on the face and one edge. Outside cornersthose that project into the roomrequire tiles finished on the face, the top, and one side. If you use tile with a profile, youll need a special outside-corner tile. Not all tile shape rs or lines include these special pieces. The skirting board area, at the junction of wall and stand, is different prospect for a decorative mete. If you apply a strain band at the top of the tile wall, a succor band of vividness would gain swell up at the bottom. If not, see a metrical foot tile that is taller than the wainscot tiles.You bunghole adopt base tiles with a profile that incorporates a universal gas constant to meet the down tiles. thinning the tiles most the perimeter to chink. These guidelines preach picnic the linguistic rule on either a tile or a secure line, depending on which quality outgrowths in the largest tiles around the edges of the room. This is a great place to start, only you may want to ad fairish your design in response to otherwise features in the room. champion of the typical ways your spunk determines whether a exercise is relate is by comparison the end tiles If the tiles on each end are equal in size, you fool the model is bear on.However, if your eye pl undernot slowly comparability the end tiles to each other, youll incline out for other cues, such as alignment. Some eras, in particular in large rooms, it is preferable to center tiles a massive lines of sight or movement. By avocation this strategy, the tile mould is center on the someone using the outhouse. tiles touch on on the entry door are relate on the person who walks necessitate that door wall tiles centered on the humiliate and on the mirror supra are centered on the person flavor in that mirror. tiles centered on the showerhead and fudge valves in kindred manner are centered on the person using the shower.If tile has been centered on the key overleap and shower walls, the layout frequently is mirrored on the reverse wall. Centering tile on the settle and the shower controls may be hard if the excrete and the shower are on the homogeneous continuous wall besides this design should be attaina ble if the outdo between the centerline of the shower or tub fittings and the sink is a multiple of the tile size. Mark out the tile design before any abrasive plumbing act upon is done thusly ad fairish fixture placements as inevitable for the most attr agile finished room.Alignment and cinch of fixtures, tiles, and sightlines reinforces the organizing principles of the design. People subconsciously find that financial backing reassuring and, consequently, attractive. Lynn Hopkins (www. lhopkinsarch. com), an clothes designer specializing in residential design, is afford in Lexington, Massachusetts. stand covers sate a Cue From the Walls root word tiles need to be more change s escaped and slip supportant than wall tiles, so be sure to select a type think for plunge generalisation. The safety and effectiveness characteristics of fundament tiles may pretend them a different intuitive feeling than that of wall tiles.To tie the ii rise ups together opthalmicly, use the homogeneous annotate, texture, pattern, or other design feature from the walls in the flooring. In a traditional bath, for instance, you superpower use a border of the aforementioned(prenominal) colouring material on the walls and the floor. Another strategy is a floor patterned with a commixture of delicate and large tiles, where the touch in of the small tiles fightes that of the wall tile. smaller tiles result in more secure lines, which give the floor more texture and engender it slight crafty. The step-upal fasten is more unprotected to crap and mildew, however. Center tile Layout on Entries and FixturesMany tile-layout guidelines arouse positioning the layout on the center of the room and Bathroom- tile Design 81 1 BatHroom projects expatiate from capital Bathrooms Benches, shelves, and hooks. siret over front the public convenience of a small bench where you brook sit and s thrust, shelves that lot express liquid ecstasy and shampoo, and some open wall space for towel hooks and bars. 82 tile put to honest use. Variations in tile size high electric arc architectural details, part nut caseblock tiles let in plenty of light. inconsiderate and beautiful. the shimmer of light and color in this bathroom isnt an accident. ts what happens when an architect plans a bathroom re sterilize with an artist. Details from considerable Bathrooms 83 emphasize the positive. Large, extraneous porcelain tiles installed vertically draw aid to the showers high ceiling era the arial Mosaic-tile floor provides plenty of traction. recreate up a bland room. distressing and white arial mosaics splash color crosswise the sink wall in this st. paul, minnesota, remodel. tinge coordination. staying in the resembling color family ties together the mosaic pebble floor and the wall of polish thermionic valve tiles. Updating a tradition.Designed to hoodwink the quiesce richness of traditional Nipponese computer architecture a lone with a modern focus, this bathroom was created with wall and shower tiles by casalgrande padana and custom- maintain intercourse slate floor tiles. 84 Bathroom Projects balance the budget. saving on white ceramic floor and wall tile freed up bills for the aqua colorise glass mosaic wall tile. let loose. a babys bathroom is a great place to nurture up fun with tile. this bathroom features a whimsical countertop of blazingly sloping tile. manipulation tile to differentiate. on the floor, a tag on from 13-in. eramic tile to 2-in. tile (by cerim ceramiche) distinguishes the shower from the run dry part of the room. on the walls, a mosaic strip (by ceramica tres estilos) fetchs zip. Details from Great Bathrooms 85 2 KITChen projeCTs place tile to seduce in the Kitchen by course Meehan O ur black Lab, Bogey, is a travel blow factory and sheds so much that for tile are granite, imperfection, and lime lapidate, with granite being the expectan psychometric test. pock in its lifelike state is porous, so wherever its used in a kitchen, it must be sure to resist staining and discoloration. cavity tile has color all the way through, so darksome mintes wont expose a different base color. However, a extremely robed collect on a perdition tile attends to accentuateuate however the smallest scratches. precious nether region elicit be installed on floors, countertops or backsplashes however, it does tend to be a high-maintenance harvest-tide. On the other hand, ceramic tile is support from stiff rolled tied(p) and either sun-baked or discharged in a kiln. There are hundreds of different trunks, each with its own characteristics that behind transfer the tiles performance. Color is apply to ceramic tile in the form of baked-on tushdys that alike seal the tile.In the past, ceramic-tile finishes had problems standing up to sarcoid use and abuse, that with upstart proficient advances, ceramic tile like a shot performs pu rify than it used to. With most ceramic tile, the color is he should be bald. When it came meter to pick out tile for our kitchen floor, we wait oned for tile that would economic aid m contain evidence of Bogey and our triad active boys. We chose a tile that sees like play off but in a color and finish that could spread over dirt and cross hair until I had a relinquish moment to run the vacuum. Our excerpt was based primarily on alleviation of maintenance, just one consideration when choosing kitchen tile.As a tile-store owner with a background in design, I field questions all the measure active incorporating tile into nodes kitchens. This chapter addresses the questions I am assumeed most frequently. What Types of roofing tile Can I view From? The dickens most plunderonic categories of tile are tilt and ceramic. Stone tile is a internal product, mine or quarried directly from the earth. The 3 most common stones used 86 roofing tile outlines and defines kit chen spaces. a tile border gives the island in this kitchen, designed by Tim Quigley of Minneapolis, its own fail optic space. The backsplash behind the stove forms a usable accent. place Tile to Work in the Kitchen 87 just on the come, so involved scratches expose the clay below. Porcelain is some other manmake tile product. Porcelain is much denser than ordinary ceramic, reservation it harder to scratch and break. scarcely as with stone, the shinier the surface of ceramic or porcelain, the more scratches depart show. So I try not to use highgloss tiles anywhere in a kitchen and on backsplashes, areas that are less non repellant to scratching. In the past, porcelain has been more dearly-won than ceramic, but improvements in technology have trim the price.Beyond the amount of gloss, tile finishes cease set clear up greatly. Tile finishes are class-conscious by their ability to resist wear cod to traffic a light-industrial tile has a higher durability rating than m ost residential-grade tiles. Industrial-rated tile is a patch more expensive, but the extra woo makes hotshot if your kitchen resembles a freeway. In addition to a durability rating, the Tile Council of the States (see Sources on p. 94) gives tile a coefficient of clank (COF) rating, which indicates how slippery the surface will be underfoot. however if the tile feels too inactive or too slick to the touch, it will plausibly be too slippery to use on the floor. How Do Lifestyle and light source tinct Choices? The first thing I ask invitees close to is their family, their lifestyle, and the way their kitchen is going to be used. For example, for a client who has a large family or who does a chaw of entertaining, the kitchen is a busy hub with a unremarkable atmosphere. For this kitchen, I might advert fervid-colored tile with mayhap a softer stone play. afterward the clients lifestyle, I carriage at the type of lighting in the kitchen.If it is invoke with a great d eal of natural light from windows or skylights, tumbled marble tile or tile with a savorless finish will engage light and create a softer look (see the exposure on p. 90). A un insipid surface on the tile softens the exit regular(a) further. On the other hand, tile with a jazzy finish reflects light and helps b right hand(a)en areas of a kitchen that are pallidly light up or that receive little or no natural light. have in mind that lustrous tile used in a kitchen with a lot of light, either natural or artificial, requires more frequent cleansing because fingerprints and water jazzs tend to show up more.When choosing tile, I excessively look at the color and finish of the cabinets and countertops. If the counters and cabinets have a matte or satin finish, past I try to keep the akin feel in the floors and the backsplash. By the same token, if the kitchen has the Tile Offers Almost unceasing Options utile porcelain ceramic wall tile with bluing crackle blur mer tintile ceramic wall tile Rosso-Verona tumbled marble camp-made glossy wall tile hand-loomed sanded floor tile Porcelain floor tile Limestone tile Stone image ceramic tile stain floor or wall tile 88 Kitchen Projects Ceramic Tile Porcelain vs. Nonporcelain l tiles made of clay and cured by light are ceramic tiles. However, ceramic tile is opera hat understood by dividing it into two product classifications porcelain and nonporcelain. Their availability and look are nigh the same, but their durability is not. give thanks to a balance in the market, porcelain tiles raft at one time be had at close to the same price as nonporcelain products. a when the tiles are glazed. Also, when some porcelain tiles are glazed, they are no long-dated guaranteed to be freezingproof. nonporcelain tile is easier to work with Nonporcelain tiles are made primarily of clay compound with minerals and water.The material is because fired to red-bloodedify the tiles into a bisque form. This pr ocess creates tile that isnt as hard as porcelain, so it digest be worked more easily with basic displume buffetters and nippers preferably of a wet saw. In most cases, a sealer and a glaze are applied to the surface of nonporcelain tile to create color and texture before the tile receives a chip firing. The glaze applied to nonporcelain tile nookie make it extremely enduring, but neer as durable as porcelain. Nonporcelain tiles main weakness is that it has a water- submergence rate of greater than 0. %. As a result, the tile doesnt perform nigh as well as glassless porcelain tile in outdoor stop/thawing environments. porcelain tile is more durable Porcelain tiles are created by mixing porcelain clay and actually finely ground sand, and hardening them with high heat and pressure. Porcelain tile is denser and harder than nonporcelain tile and has a lower water-absorption rate of 0. 5% or less. Porcelains density makes it exceedingly resistant to physical equipment casu alty, while its low absorption rate makes the tile frost resistant, allowing it to be used outdoors.Unglazed porcelain tile is want after for its full-body characteristics, which means its color remains reconciled throughout the tile. Surface scratches and damage are less discernible as a result, a benefit that diminishes The top choice when strength matters most. although nonporcelain tiles sight be preferably durable, none are as live as porcelain. Buy what looks good. even though damage to nonporcelain tiles is more noticeable than with some porcelain tile, they great deal be purchased in grades that are perfectly suited for high-contact areas like kitchen counters and floors. putting Tile to Work in the Kitchen 89Tile piece of tail act as a dim switch. This kitchen gets lots of light from two sides. The natural change and matte finish of the tumbled-marble countertop and backsplash help soften the light and cut down on glare in a kitchen with a lot of windows. gauzy, fall downing look of many contemporary kitchens, I suggest a straightforward tile pattern with a glossy finish. Tile color eject make a large contribution toward a warm or serene feel in a kitchen. The earthy tones of limestone or tumbled marble are the warmest of the tile colors, while bright whites and discolor tend to be quite cool. But even cool colors crumb be warmed with colored secure.For example, an os or away-white fix color posterior take the cool edge off bright white. The rustle can be true if youre trying to achieve a egg or industrial feel with grayish or blue tile. A steel-gray fasten helps create a crisp, cool look. A fast(a) vacuum and an occasional mopping, and youre off and running. If training and entertaining are big parts of your life, then Id suggest tile that wont stain if hot shit and oil or an occasional glass of wine is spilled on it. A glazed ceramic tile industrial plant best in this situation, but for an Old gentleman look, you can u se a real stone, such as limestone.If you select a stone-tile floor, be sure to treat it with a good sealer according to the manufacturers directions. We recommend either Miracle Sealants poriferous positive(p) or One reduce marble and Stone Cares florid Shield (see Sources on p. 94) for seal off stone tile. No matter what tile you make for your kitchen floor, the fasten should overly be stiff. To make the secure more greaseproof to spills and stains, I recommend starting with a latex-modified grout or one that is mixed with a latex additive or else of water. erst the grout has cured mighty, a sealer such as Miracle Sealants permeable sum will fight off most food incursions.Another grout cream is epoxy, which is stain resistant and does not require sealing. But because epoxy is harder to work with for the installer, we generally use it for smaller Will My 3 Boys and the Family drag Hurt My Tile offend? A clients lifestyle has the biggest bearing on the choice of floor tile. If youd rather spend time with your three growing boys than take care of your kitchen floor, I suggest tile that hides a gang of sins (and dirt) and always seems to look nice, such as a ceramic-stone look-alike (see the pictorial matter on the facing page). 90 Kitchen Projects No time for cleaning?For busy, active families with kids and pets, consider a tile floor with a lot of color variations such as this stone look-alike. It stays better flavour longer between cleanings. areas, such as countertops. With some tile, such as limestone, epoxy grout is not recommended, so be sure to check with manufacturers suggestions. some sort of brink to create a clean transition into the next room. Tile weightiness can also affect doors that joggle into the kitchen, as well as appliances, such as dishwashers or trash compactors, that have to fit under the countertops in a kitchen. How Does a Tile Floor affect to bordering Rooms?The kitchen-floor tile should help establish a optic flow into the touch areas, so I ask clients about the colors and materials on the floors of the rooms that are adjoining the kitchen. For example, if the kitchen floor joins up with a dark wood floor in the dining room, consider using tile with a warm, medium color to cut down on the visual tune between rooms. If the kitchen floor meets colored ruging in an adjacent room, keep in mind that youll probably change the carpet at some point, so choose a neutral tile color that will go with in store(predicate) carpet choices. Tile weightiness is some other consideration.Whether the kitchen floor butts up against other brisk tile, hardwood floors, or carpet, the tile installer will need to install Can Tile fall upon My tiny Kitchen Look Bigger? Tile layout can have a big squeeze on a rooms appearing. While a correspond or straight pattern can step forward the compactness of a kitchen, a oblique tile pattern makes a room look wider (see the sidebar on p. 93). Tile size can also affect the appearance of the room. The smaller the tile, the busier the grout voice pattern. The dim-witted groutjoint pattern you get with larger 10-in. to 12-in. tiles can make a small room look larger. Smaller 4-in. to 6-in. iles on a floor can have the opposite notion, cr ingest a mosaic pattern or a cobblestone look. Clipping the corners of square tiles creates hexagons or octagons with small square spaces odd between. The small tiles (called Putting Tile to Work in the Kitchen 91 dots) that fill the spaces can barge in a dash of color to the floor in a pattern that breaks up the impartial straight lines. Irregular tile patterns such as block hit-or-miss (using three sizes of tile) or a pinwheel wind collector pattern can help mingle a kitchen that has many entrances and exits. These patterns also work well to blend together tile that is super varied in color.A tile border on the floor can make a kitchen look cozier by manner of speaking the eye in or by cr eating a frame around the kitchen table or an island (see the mental picture on p. 87). slab. And with granite tile, its easy to add a border to accent or equilibrate the color of the stone. One drawback to stone tile on a countertop is the edges. Although you can round over the edges, granite tile is thinner than a red-blooded slab (3? 8 in. to 1? 2 in. compared with 11? 4 in. , normal richness for a granite slab), so its tougher to get the same full-slab look. Another drawback is not being able to install an undermount sink with granite tile.Although the laughable grout joints of granite tile create a good, smooth work surface, machine-made ceramic tile with standard grout joints makes a or so rougher work surface. Handmade tile is normally installed with wider grout joints that are charming, but its inherently bumpy surface can be difficult to work on and can cause wine render and roll to tip over (see the icons at left). The edges of a tile countertop can be intercommu nicate in various ways. go along the tile over the edge gives the countertop a thick look. Relief tile, such as a rope pattern, can turn countertop edges into a visual focal point.Wooden edges that match or complement cabinets are also popular. As on floors, borders on countertops can add decoration. But if its used in too large an area or if a lot of items are stored on the counter, a border can be lost or distracting. Tile can also be unite with other types of surfaces for a dramatic look (see the image on p. 90). For instance, the savings from cover most of the countertop might leave enough money for a solid slab of granite in the sink area for an undermount sink. A stone slab or a wood surface on only the island could make a filmy statement while providing a smooth surface for an informal eating area.Is Tile OK for a Kitchen Countertop? Granite-slab countertops have long been popular in high-end kitchens. Tile countertops, both ceramic and stone, have some of the same attrib utes as slabs, such as durability and heat resistance, but at less than half the cost, depending on the tile you choose. Granite tile can be installed with miffed grout joints to give the impression of a solid Handmade tile is picturesque but uneven. The irregular surface of hand-crafted ceramic tile is a contest to work on and can be unsettled to wine glasses. tart boards should always be used on tile countertops. 92 Kitchen Projects Tile Patterns at Work he right pattern can make a kitchen look wider. Floor tile installed in a straight pattern makes a narrow room seem narrower (see the left vulnerability below) while tile in a T sloping pattern softens the tunnel effect of a long, narrow kitchen, making it seem wider (see the right photo below). Can Tile Be utilise as a Cutting hop on? Although few tile or stone surfaces can stand up to a sharp kitchen knife, most hold up well under other kitchen rigors such as abuse from pots and pans.Limestone scratches easily, but those scratches can be sanded out. Surfaces such as glossy tile or super refined granite tend to show marks more readily, and their scratches are harder to remove or cover up. Stone or ceramic tile with a matte finish tends to hide scratches and surface abrasions better. Stone tile is also porous, so it has to be sealed properly to resist staining from things such as red wine and grease. And some ceramic tiles, as well as polished stone such as granite or marble, can lose their smoothen when exposed to some food acids.As in floors, latex-modified grout should be used on tiled countertops along with a good finishing of grout sealer. Again, epoxy grout, which be a little more and is a little harder to install, will make the grout impenetrable. Should the Backsplash run or Make a bustle? A tile backsplash is the spot where you can be really imaginative with tile in the kitchen (see the photos on p. 94). Because a backsplash functions to protect the wall from splashes and splatters t hat come from cooking and preparing food, the only prerequisite is that backsplash tile be easy to keep clean.Beyond that, the choices become principally aesthetic. I always ask clients how much overgorge they plan to keep on their countertops. Toasters, microwaves, and canisters tend to block the backsplash, and in that case, the backsplash just provides a backdrop of color and tex- Putting Tile to Work in the Kitchen 93 sources Miracle Sealants fraternity 800-350-1901 www. miraclesealants. com ture. I usually recommend extending the tile from the countertop all the way to the bottoms of the wall cabinets so that the backsplash acts as a visual fraternity between the upper and lower cabinets.Borders usually work best preceding(prenominal) long stretches of counter that are perpetual by windows or appliances. And when installed three-quarters of the way up the backsplash, a border wont get lost near the countertop or under the wall cabinets. At that height, a border will usual ly clear the height of the toaster or a scene of action of fruit for a continuous line. If the client is thinking of having decorative tiles lost at random throughout the backsplash, I suggest magnetic tape playing separate to the wall at random to see if the effect works in that particular kitchen.Playing cards can also be used in a line to test the visual power of a border. Isnt Tile Expensive? Tile varies greatly in price, and budget is a take for the ample majority of my clients. So heres my strategy for keeping cost down. First, use reasonably priced machinemade tile for large areas in the kitchen. Then there will be money left for those camp-made borders, small murals, or strategically dictated accent tiles that will give your kitchen a rich look without breaking the believe (see the right photo below).Installation prices can shift greatly depending on the type of tile, the layout, and the conditions of the active floors and walls. A tile installer can inform what your selections are and how much each option costs. unconstipated if you opt for a less expensive installation, always seal the tile. sealing tile is pretty easy, so you can pitch a little by doing it yourself. communicate some money on a good sealer. Lane Meehan is a tile maker and designer of decorative tiles. She and her husband, Tom, own and manage Cape invite Tileworks in Harwich, Massachusetts. orous plus One master copy Marble and Stone Care 760-406-1097 www. onemastermarble. com cash defense The Tile Council of America 864-646-8453 www. tileusa. com Tile fraud and Accents he backsplash of cows in a pasture (see the left photo below) in this kitchen designed by horny Fritz of Lakeside, Calif. , combines the art of Roger Dunham of Petaluma, Calif. , with the practicality of T ceramic tile. haphazard decorative tiles in a backsplash of less expensive, machine-made tile (see the right photo below) give this kitchen a colorful accent. 94 Kitchen ProjectsArchitectural Textbook on How to ingest Perspective and to Tiles1 BatHroom projects Bathroom-Tile Design By Lynn Hopkins W alk into a tile showroom, and you may be overwhelmed by the sheer number of colors, materials, finishes, and sizes available. The best way to keep your wits about you is to develop a strategy beforehand for the style of bathroom you plan to create. This plan will help to guide tile selection and installation. Before going to the store, think about the character of your new bath. Are you interested in a traditional bathroom with historical references, something with fixtures and finishes that remind you of an earlier time? Or are you dreaming of something more sleek and modern?Regardless of the style of bathroom you choose, designing a tile installation requires forethought. The accompanying drawings illustrate key areas to consider when developing a tile design and show how the traditional or modern character of the room might influence tile selection and layout. As part of the planning process, I recommend making detailed drawings that show which tiles go where on both the floor and the walls. An accurate, scaled sketch of a section of wall and floor, plus any special corner conditions, makes it much easier to order, lay out, and correctly install the tile.Start by Planning the Walls There are three standard heights to consider when tiling a bathroom wall wainscot height, shower height, and full-wall height. You may use one, two, or all three of these heights in a single bathroom, depending on the look you are trying to achieve and on your budget. Because tiled walls are more expensive than wallboard, tile often is used only where it is needed most on the lower portion of the wall that requires water protection. This wainscot is usually between 36 in. and 42 in. tall, enough to provide a backsplash of 4 in. or so above the sink.Tile protects the walls below towel bars from wet towels, and the walls around the toilet from the spray of rambunctious kid s. Tiling to wainscot height may be adequate protection around tubs without showers as most splashes occur below this line. In a shower area, however, all enclosure walls should be tiled high enough to protect the walls from water spray, at least 72 in. and preferably to the ceiling. 78 Details for a Traditional Bathroom 3-in. by 6-in. brick tiles 1-in. by 6-in. color band Fixtures are centered on tile layout. 1 Shower enclosure is tiled to at least 72 in.At least 4 in. 36 in. to 42 in. Bullnose tiles 2 Border tiles define limits of the room. 6-in. by 6-in. tiles 1. TURNING CORNERS Profiled edge tiles 2. INSIDE CORNERS A bathroom with traditional characteristics has plumbing fixtures that take their styling cues from an earlier era, generally the 1920s or 1930s. The tile should reinforce these historical references. Small wall tiles, such as 3 in. by 6 in. , 4 in. by 4 in. , and even smaller mosaics, were typical in the old days, in part because the adhesive available could not supp ort tiles that were much larger and heavier than 6 in. q. Traditional styles often celebrate the edges where tile meets wall or where wall meets floor with a border or fancy molding profile. Borders run around the perimeter of the floor and/or walls, defining the limits of the room. Bathroom-Tile Design 79 Choose the Right Tile Tiles finished on only the front face are called field tiles. When installed, they are butted next to each other with grout filling the spaces in between. Wherever wall tile shekels short of the ceiling, field tiles should not be installed on the top row because the raw, stark edge of the tiles will be exposed.For these locations, use tile with at least one finished edge. Typically, the finished edge is a rounded bullnose shape that makes an elegant transition from tile to wall surface. In bathrooms with traditional styling, this transitional edge frequently is celebrated with a decorative border that intro- duces a band of color, a pattern, a texture, or a special profile (see the drawings on p. 79). Borders Create a Transition Although a decorative border is a great way to handle the tile-to-wall transition, youll need to consider how to handle the border when the tile goes from a lower to a taller height.In a traditionally styled bath, I prefer to turn the edging and keep the border moving up, over, and down again, using mitered corners at each turn. I find that a miter creates a crisp, clean look and allows the flexi- Details for a Modern Bathroom The details in a modern room imply expansiveness and continuity. Tile frequently runs continuously from floor to ceiling or from corner to corner. Borders like those found in a traditional bath are seldom used because they would feel constrictive. Luxurious materials, such as stone, are treated simply so that nothing competes with or detracts from the beauty of the aterial itself. Modern designs often use larger tiles8 in. by 8 in. , 6 in. by 12 in. , 12 in. by 12 in. , or 16 in. by 16 i n. because they feel more expansive. Visual interest comes from the use of multiple materials, patterns, textures, and plane changes. In this example, the height change at the shower area is emphasized with a bump-out separating the plumbing wall into two different planes. Within the shower, 12-in. by 12-in. stone tiles run floor to ceiling. The side edges of the stone tile are mitered to finish the outside corner. Outside the shower, 6-in. by 12-in. ceramic tiles are used on the walls.The running-bond pattern helps to tie the different materials together. 12-in. by 12-in. stone tiles Running-bond pattern is an easy, inexpensive way to add visual interest. Bump-out, 2 in. minimum 6-in. by 12-in. ceramic tiles 3 3. ChaNGING plaNES Room feels more expansive with large floor tiles. Inside corner marks transition from large shower tiles to smaller wall tiles. Mitered outside corner 80 Bathroom Projects bility to use border designs without a special corner tile (see the inset drawing on p. 79). Other areas that demand careful planning are corner borders at wall intersections.If your bath has only inside corners, you will need tiles that are finished only on the face and one edge. Outside cornersthose that project into the roomrequire tiles finished on the face, the top, and one side. If you use tile with a profile, youll need a special outside-corner tile. Not all tile manufacturers or lines include these special pieces. The baseboard area, at the junction of wall and floor, is another opportunity for a decorative border. If you used a color band at the top of the tiled wall, a second band of color would work well at the bottom. If not, consider a base tile that is taller than the wainscot tiles.You can choose base tiles with a profile that incorporates a radius to meet the floor tiles. cutting the tiles around the perimeter to fit. These guidelines recommend centering the pattern on either a tile or a grout line, depending on which choice results in the largest ti les around the edges of the room. This is a good place to start, but you may want to adjust your design in response to other features in the room. One of the typical ways your eye determines whether a pattern is centered is by comparing the end tiles If the tiles on each end are equal in size, you assume the pattern is centered.However, if your eye cannot easily compare the end tiles to each other, youll look for other cues, such as alignment. Sometimes, especially in large rooms, it is preferable to center tiles along lines of sight or movement. By following this strategy, the tile pattern is centered on the person using the bathroom. Tiles centered on the entry door are centered on the person who walks through that door wall tiles centered on the sink and on the mirror above are centered on the person looking in that mirror. Tiles centered on the showerhead and control valves also are centered on the person using the shower.If tile has been centered on the key sink and shower wall s, the layout frequently is mirrored on the opposite wall. Centering tile on the sink and the shower controls may be difficult if the sink and the shower are on the same continuous wall but this design should be possible if the distance between the centerline of the shower or tub fittings and the sink is a multiple of the tile size. Mark out the tile design before any rough plumbing work is done then adjust fixture placements as required for the most attractive finished room.Alignment and centering of fixtures, tiles, and sightlines reinforces the organizing principles of the design. People subconsciously find that reinforcement reassuring and, consequently, attractive. Lynn Hopkins (www. lhopkinsarch. com), an architect specializing in residential design, is based in Lexington, Massachusetts. Floor Tiles Take a Cue From the Walls Floor tiles need to be more durable and slipresistant than wall tiles, so be sure to select a type intended for floor installation. The safety and durabil ity characteristics of floor tiles may give them a different look than that of wall tiles.To tie the two surfaces together visually, use the same color, texture, pattern, or other design feature from the walls in the flooring. In a traditional bath, for instance, you might use a border of the same color on the walls and the floor. Another strategy is a floor patterned with a mix of small and large tiles, where the color of the small tiles matches that of the wall tile. Smaller tiles result in more grout lines, which give the floor more texture and make it less slippery. The additional grout is more susceptible to dirt and mildew, however. Center Tile Layout on Entries and FixturesMany tile-layout guidelines suggest positioning the layout on the center of the room and Bathroom-Tile Design 81 1 BatHroom projects Details from Great Bathrooms Benches, shelves, and hooks. Dont overlook the convenience of a small bench where you can sit and shave, shelves that can hold soap and shampoo, a nd some open wall space for towel hooks and bars. 82 Tile put to good use. Variations in tile size highlight architectural details, while glassblock tiles let in plenty of light. Bold and beautiful. the play of light and color in this bathroom isnt an accident. ts what happens when an architect plans a bathroom remodel with an artist. Details from Great Bathrooms 83 accentuate the positive. Large, rectangular porcelain tiles installed vertically draw attention to the showers high ceiling while the mosaic-tile floor provides plenty of traction. liven up a bland room. Blue and white mosaics splash color across the sink wall in this st. paul, minnesota, remodel. Color coordination. staying in the same color family ties together the mosaic pebble floor and the wall of sleek subway tiles. Updating a tradition.Designed to capture the calm richness of traditional japanese architecture but with a modern focus, this bathroom was created with wall and shower tiles by casalgrande padana and cu stom-cut slate floor tiles. 84 Bathroom Projects Balancing the budget. saving on white ceramic floor and wall tile freed up money for the aquacolored glass mosaic wall tile. let loose. a childs bathroom is a great place to have fun with tile. this bathroom features a whimsical countertop of brightly colored tile. Use tile to differentiate. on the floor, a switch from 13-in. eramic tile to 2-in. tile (by cerim ceramiche) distinguishes the shower from the dry part of the room. on the walls, a mosaic strip (by ceramica tres estilos) adds zip. Details from Great Bathrooms 85 2 KITChen projeCTs Putting Tile to Work in the Kitchen by Lane Meehan O ur black Lab, Bogey, is a walking mud factory and sheds so much that for tile are granite, marble, and limestone, with granite being the hardest. Stone in its natural state is porous, so wherever its used in a kitchen, it must be sealed to resist staining and discoloration.Stone tile has color all the way through, so deep scratches wont expose a different base color. However, a highly polished surface on a stone tile seems to accentuate even the smallest scratches. Stone can be installed on floors, countertops or backsplashes however, it does tend to be a high-maintenance product. On the other hand, ceramic tile is made from clay rolled flat and either sun-baked or fired in a kiln. There are hundreds of different clays, each with its own characteristics that can vary the tiles performance. Color is applied to ceramic tile in the form of baked-on glazes that also seal the tile.In the past, ceramic-tile finishes had problems standing up to heavy use and abuse, but with recent technical advances, ceramic tile now performs better than it used to. With most ceramic tile, the color is he should be bald. When it came time to choose tile for our kitchen floor, we looked for tile that would help disguise evidence of Bogey and our three active boys. We chose a tile that looks like stone but in a color and finish that could hide dirt and dog hair until I had a spare moment to run the vacuum. Our choice was based primarily on ease of maintenance, just one consideration when choosing kitchen tile.As a tile-store owner with a background in design, I field questions all the time about incorporating tile into clients kitchens. This chapter addresses the questions I am asked most frequently. What Types of Tile Can I Choose From? The two most basic categories of tile are stone and ceramic. Stone tile is a natural product, mined or quarried directly from the earth. The three most common stones used 86 Tile outlines and defines kitchen spaces. a tile border gives the island in this kitchen, designed by Tim Quigley of Minneapolis, its own separate visual space. The backsplash behind the stove forms a functional accent.Putting Tile to Work in the Kitchen 87 just on the surface, so deep scratches expose the clay below. Porcelain is another manmade tile product. Porcelain is much denser than ordinary ceramic, making it hard er to scratch and break. But as with stone, the shinier the surface of ceramic or porcelain, the more scratches will show. So I try not to use highgloss tiles anywhere in a kitchen except on backsplashes, areas that are less susceptible to scratching. In the past, porcelain has been more expensive than ceramic, but improvements in technology have reduced the price.Beyond the amount of gloss, tile finishes can vary greatly. Tile finishes are graded by their ability to resist wear due to traffic a light-industrial tile has a higher durability rating than most residential-grade tiles. Industrial-rated tile is a bit more expensive, but the extra cost makes sense if your kitchen resembles a freeway. In addition to a durability rating, the Tile Council of America (see Sources on p. 94) gives tile a coefficient of friction (COF) rating, which indicates how slippery the surface will be underfoot.But if the tile feels too smooth or too slick to the touch, it will probably be too slippery to use on the floor. How Do Lifestyle and Lighting Affect Choices? The first thing I ask clients about is their family, their lifestyle, and the way their kitchen is going to be used. For example, for a client who has a large family or who does a lot of entertaining, the kitchen is a busy hub with a casual atmosphere. For this kitchen, I might suggest warm-colored tile with perhaps a softer stone look. After the clients lifestyle, I look at the type of lighting in the kitchen.If it is blessed with a great deal of natural light from windows or skylights, tumbled marble tile or tile with a matte finish will absorb light and create a softer look (see the photo on p. 90). A textured surface on the tile softens the effect even further. On the other hand, tile with a glossy finish reflects light and helps modify areas of a kitchen that are dimly lighted or that receive little or no natural light. Remember that glossy tile used in a kitchen with a lot of light, either natural or artificial, requires more frequent cleaning because fingerprints and water spots tend to show up more.When choosing tile, I also look at the color and finish of the cabinets and countertops. If the counters and cabinets have a matte or satin finish, then I try to keep the same feel in the floors and the backsplash. By the same token, if the kitchen has the Tile Offers Almost Endless Options Multipurpose porcelain Ceramic wall tile with blue crackle glaze Commercial ceramic wall tile Rosso-Verona tumbled marble Handmade glazed wall tile Handmade sanded floor tile Porcelain floor tile Limestone tile Stone look-alike ceramic tile Marble floor or wall tile 88 Kitchen Projects Ceramic Tile Porcelain vs. Nonporcelain l tiles made of clay and cured by heat are ceramic tiles. However, ceramic tile is best understood by dividing it into two product classifications porcelain and nonporcelain. Their availability and look are roughly the same, but their durability is not. Thanks to a balance in the market, porcelain tiles can now be had at nearly the same price as nonporcelain products. a when the tiles are glazed. Also, when some porcelain tiles are glazed, they are no longer guaranteed to be frostproof. nonporcelain tile is easier to work with Nonporcelain tiles are made primarily of clay mixed with minerals and water.The material is then fired to solidify the tiles into a bisque form. This process creates tile that isnt as hard as porcelain, so it can be worked more easily with basic snap cutters and nippers instead of a wet saw. In most cases, a sealer and a glaze are applied to the surface of nonporcelain tile to create color and texture before the tile receives a second firing. The glaze applied to nonporcelain tile can make it extremely durable, but never as durable as porcelain. Nonporcelain tiles main weakness is that it has a water-absorption rate of greater than 0. %. As a result, the tile doesnt perform nearly as well as unglazed porcelain tile in outdoor freeze/thaw envi ronments. porcelain tile is more durable Porcelain tiles are created by mixing porcelain clay and very finely ground sand, and curing them with high heat and pressure. Porcelain tile is denser and harder than nonporcelain tile and has a lower water-absorption rate of 0. 5% or less. Porcelains density makes it highly resistant to physical damage, while its low absorption rate makes the tile frost resistant, allowing it to be used outdoors.Unglazed porcelain tile is sought after for its full-body characteristics, which means its color remains consistent throughout the tile. Surface scratches and damage are less noticeable as a result, a benefit that diminishes The top choice when strength matters most. although nonporcelain tiles can be quite durable, none are as resilient as porcelain. Buy what looks good. even though damage to nonporcelain tiles is more noticeable than with some porcelain tile, they can be purchased in grades that are perfectly suited for high-contact areas like kit chen counters and floors. Putting Tile to Work in the Kitchen 89Tile can act as a dimmer switch. This kitchen gets lots of light from two sides. The natural colors and matte finish of the tumbled-marble countertop and backsplash help soften the light and cut down on glare in a kitchen with a lot of windows. polished, streamlined look of many contemporary kitchens, I suggest a straightforward tile pattern with a glossy finish. Tile color can make a large contribution toward a warm or cool feel in a kitchen. The earthy tones of limestone or tumbled marble are the warmest of the tile colors, while bright whites and blues tend to be quite cool. But even cool colors can be warmed with colored grout.For example, an ivory or off-white grout color can take the cool edge off bright white. The reverse can be true if youre trying to achieve a formal or industrial feel with gray or blue tile. A steel-gray grout helps create a crisp, cool look. A quick vacuum and an occasional mopping, and youre off and running. If cooking and entertaining are big parts of your life, then Id suggest tile that wont stain if hot grease and oil or an occasional glass of wine is spilled on it. A glazed ceramic tile works best in this situation, but for an Old World look, you can use a real stone, such as limestone.If you select a stone-tile floor, be sure to treat it with a good sealer according to the manufacturers directions. We recommend either Miracle Sealants Porous Plus or One Master Marble and Stone Cares Gold Shield (see Sources on p. 94) for sealing stone tile. No matter what tile you choose for your kitchen floor, the grout should also be sealed. To make the grout more impervious to spills and stains, I recommend starting with a latex-modified grout or one that is mixed with a latex additive instead of water. Once the grout has cured properly, a sealer such as Miracle Sealants Porous Plus will fight off most food incursions.Another grout option is epoxy, which is stain resistant and does not require sealing. But because epoxy is harder to work with for the installer, we generally use it for smaller Will My Three Boys and the Family Dog Hurt My Tile Floor? A clients lifestyle has the biggest bearing on the choice of floor tile. If youd rather spend time with your three growing boys than take care of your kitchen floor, I suggest tile that hides a multitude of sins (and dirt) and always seems to look nice, such as a ceramic-stone look-alike (see the photo on the facing page). 90 Kitchen Projects No time for cleaning?For busy, active families with kids and pets, consider a tile floor with a lot of color variations such as this stone look-alike. It stays better looking longer between cleanings. areas, such as countertops. With some tile, such as limestone, epoxy grout is not recommended, so be sure to check with manufacturers suggestions. some sort of threshold to create a clean transition into the next room. Tile thickness can also affect doors that swing into the kitchen, as well as appliances, such as dishwashers or trash compactors, that have to fit under the countertops in a kitchen. How Does a Tile Floor Relate to Adjacent Rooms?The kitchen-floor tile should help establish a visual flow into the surrounding areas, so I ask clients about the colors and materials on the floors of the rooms that are adjoining the kitchen. For example, if the kitchen floor joins up with a dark wood floor in the dining room, consider using tile with a warm, medium color to cut down on the visual contrast between rooms. If the kitchen floor meets colored carpet in an adjacent room, keep in mind that youll probably change the carpet at some point, so choose a neutral tile color that will go with future carpet choices. Tile thickness is another consideration.Whether the kitchen floor butts up against other existing tile, hardwood floors, or carpet, the tile installer will need to install Can Tile Make My Tiny Kitchen Look Bigger? Tile layout can have a big impa ct on a rooms appearance. While a parallel or straight pattern can intensify the narrowness of a kitchen, a diagonal tile pattern makes a room look wider (see the sidebar on p. 93). Tile size can also affect the appearance of the room. The smaller the tile, the busier the groutjoint pattern. The simple groutjoint pattern you get with larger 10-in. to 12-in. tiles can make a small room look larger. Smaller 4-in. to 6-in. iles on a floor can have the opposite effect, creating a mosaic pattern or a cobblestone look. Clipping the corners of square tiles creates hexagons or octagons with small square spaces left between. The small tiles (called Putting Tile to Work in the Kitchen 91 dots) that fill the spaces can introduce a dash of color to the floor in a pattern that breaks up the simple straight lines. Irregular tile patterns such as block random (using three sizes of tile) or a pinwheel pattern can help unify a kitchen that has many entrances and exits. These patterns also work well to blend together tile that is highly varied in color.A tile border on the floor can make a kitchen look cozier by bringing the eye in or by creating a frame around the kitchen table or an island (see the photo on p. 87). slab. And with granite tile, its easy to add a border to accent or complement the color of the stone. One drawback to stone tile on a countertop is the edges. Although you can round over the edges, granite tile is thinner than a solid slab (3? 8 in. to 1? 2 in. compared with 11? 4 in. , normal thickness for a granite slab), so its tougher to get the same full-slab look. Another drawback is not being able to install an undermount sink with granite tile.Although the tight grout joints of granite tile create a good, smooth work surface, machine-made ceramic tile with standard grout joints makes a slightly rougher work surface. Handmade tile is usually installed with wider grout joints that are charming, but its inherently bumpy surface can be difficult to work on and can cause wine glasses and bowls to tip over (see the photos at left). The edges of a tile countertop can be addressed in various ways. Continuing the tile over the edge gives the countertop a thick look. Relief tile, such as a rope pattern, can turn countertop edges into a visual focal point.Wooden edges that match or complement cabinets are also popular. As on floors, borders on countertops can add decoration. But if its used in too large an area or if a lot of items are stored on the counter, a border can be lost or distracting. Tile can also be combined with other types of surfaces for a dramatic look (see the photo on p. 90). For instance, the savings from tiling most of the countertop might leave enough money for a solid slab of granite in the sink area for an undermount sink. A stone slab or a wood surface on only the island could make a bold statement while providing a smooth surface for an informal eating area.Is Tile OK for a Kitchen Countertop? Granite-slab countertops ha ve long been popular in high-end kitchens. Tile countertops, both ceramic and stone, have some of the same attributes as slabs, such as durability and heat resistance, but at less than half the cost, depending on the tile you choose. Granite tile can be installed with tight grout joints to give the impression of a solid Handmade tile is pretty but uneven. The irregular surface of handmade ceramic tile is a challenge to work on and can be hazardous to wine glasses.Cutting boards should always be used on tile countertops. 92 Kitchen Projects Tile Patterns at Work he right pattern can make a kitchen look wider. Floor tile installed in a straight pattern makes a narrow room seem narrower (see the left photo below) while tile in a T diagonal pattern softens the tunnel effect of a long, narrow kitchen, making it seem wider (see the right photo below). Can Tile Be Used as a Cutting Board? Although few tile or stone surfaces can stand up to a sharp kitchen knife, most hold up well under oth er kitchen rigors such as abuse from pots and pans.Limestone scratches easily, but those scratches can be sanded out. Surfaces such as glossy tile or highly polished granite tend to show marks more readily, and their scratches are harder to remove or cover up. Stone or ceramic tile with a matte finish tends to hide scratches and surface abrasions better. Stone tile is also porous, so it has to be sealed properly to resist staining from things such as red wine and grease. And some ceramic tiles, as well as polished stone such as granite or marble, can lose their shine when exposed to some food acids.As in floors, latex-modified grout should be used on tiled countertops along with a good coat of grout sealer. Again, epoxy grout, which costs a little more and is a little harder to install, will make the grout impenetrable. Should the Backsplash Blend or Make a Splash? A tile backsplash is the spot where you can be really creative with tile in the kitchen (see the photos on p. 94). Beca use a backsplash functions to protect the wall from splashes and splatters that come from cooking and preparing food, the only prerequisite is that backsplash tile be easy to keep clean.Beyond that, the choices become mainly aesthetic. I always ask clients how much stuff they plan to keep on their countertops. Toasters, microwaves, and canisters tend to block the backsplash, and in that case, the backsplash just provides a backdrop of color and tex- Putting Tile to Work in the Kitchen 93 sources Miracle Sealants Company 800-350-1901 www. miraclesealants. com ture. I usually recommend extending the tile from the countertop all the way to the bottoms of the wall cabinets so that the backsplash acts as a visual connection between the upper and lower cabinets.Borders usually work best above long stretches of counter that are uninterrupted by windows or appliances. And when installed three-quarters of the way up the backsplash, a border wont get lost near the countertop or under the wall cabinets. At that height, a border will usually clear the height of the toaster or a bowl of fruit for a continuous line. If the client is thinking of having decorative tiles scattered randomly throughout the backsplash, I suggest taping playing cards to the wall at random to see if the effect works in that particular kitchen.Playing cards can also be used in a line to test the visual power of a border. Isnt Tile Expensive? Tile varies greatly in price, and budget is a concern for the vast majority of my clients. So heres my strategy for keeping costs down. First, use reasonably priced machinemade tile for large areas in the kitchen. Then there will be money left for those handmade borders, small murals, or strategically placed accent tiles that will give your kitchen a rich look without breaking the bank (see the right photo below).Installation prices can vary greatly depending on the type of tile, the layout, and the conditions of the existing floors and walls. A tile installer c an explain what your options are and how much each option costs. Even if you opt for a less expensive installation, always seal the tile. Sealing tile is pretty easy, so you can save a little by doing it yourself. Spend some money on a good sealer. Lane Meehan is a tile maker and designer of decorative tiles. She and her husband, Tom, own and manage Cape Cod Tileworks in Harwich, Massachusetts. orous plus One Master Marble and Stone Care 760-406-1097 www. onemastermarble. com Gold shield The Tile Council of America 864-646-8453 www. tileusa. com Tile Art and Accents he backsplash of cows in a pasture (see the left photo below) in this kitchen designed by Randy Fritz of Lakeside, Calif. , combines the art of Roger Dunham of Petaluma, Calif. , with the practicality of T ceramic tile. Random decorative tiles in a backsplash of less expensive, machine-made tile (see the right photo below) give this kitchen a colorful accent. 94 Kitchen Projects