Terrorism Essay - 678 Words

Terrorism Terrorism†¦This is a very common word in today’s society. What does it mean? Or more importantly how do â€Å"we† prevent it and if necessary combat it? The word most commonly used to explain this is counter terrorism, but is also known as anti-terrorism. The military is a great force in combating terrorism with specialist groups in nearly each branch of the armed forces. Prior to the September 11 attacks the United States Armed Forces worked hand in hand with NATO and the United Nations combating terror. However after these attacks, the United States Military has become a widely utilized entity on fighting terrorism. Before even discussing anything about terrorism you have to have a broad understand of what it is. The†¦show more content†¦What few people understand is that terrorist groups are very organized and one unit of the cell can have no idea who the members of another unit are. In other words two people can be working for the same cause, in the same organization pass each other on the street and have no idea who each other are. This is to set up a lack of information chain. One cell will only know their part. If they were to be captured they could not give information about the other cells in their organization. This is one of the reasons it is so hard to combat terrorism and why using the military is so controversial. What is the militaries role in combating terrorism? How do you fight something with guns that is so broad and complex? It seems that the militaries current role is to capture known terrorists and to kill anyone that poses a threat. However it is much more complex then it appears. Each branch has a role in combating terrorism, some more advertised than others. Not only does each branch work by itself but they also work together and with other countries. When working as their own entities they still work together. For Example currently in Iraq, the United States Army is working on their own set of missions and the same with the Marines. However the missions the Army and Marine forces accomplish work to accomplish the goals for their country. So in a sense the not one branch will ever work completely alone. There areShow MoreRelatedTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1326 Words   |  6 Pagesallowing terrorism to be successful and continue. Terrorists gain power through the common, innocent people they attack. How the world responds to terrorist attacks determines whether or not terrorism will cease. The common people’s response to terrorism, the interest of the state, and the media’s role in terrorism all aide to terrorism’s success and its continuation in the future. How people willingly choose to respond to terrorist attacks defines terrorism and determines if terrorism will continueRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1035 Words   |  5 PagesOver the past Century, terrorism has advanced from random killings to enormous plans for terrorist groups. To understand terrorism you must first define it. Terrorism as we all know it is hard to define and understand, and has many different definitions as it is used widely. The word terrorism stems from the word terror, which means to instill fear in. People become terrorists when they take the actions towards instilling fear and terror upon people to prove a certain point or agenda. Some terroristsRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1626 Words   |  7 PagesTerrorism can be categorized as â€Å"the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as means to create terror, or fear, to achieve a political, religious, or ideological aim (Fortna).† Although there is no formal definiti on of terrorism, we typically associate the words terrorism and terrorists with acts of violence that are used unlawfully to intimidate in pursuance of political gain. Terrorists do not act at random, but rather use violence to maximize on fear and publicity with a specific goal inRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1126 Words   |  5 PagesTerrorism Have you ever had a fear for your family, your town, your country, or your world. How about the fear to have everything taken from you, destroyed, and not caring if it has hurt you or not? What about your fear and pain is, and can be someone else’s happiness? The fear of you being terrorized? That is terrorism. Someone else bringing fear and terrorizing you. That is a terrorist’s goal. Terrorism is common and is very difficult to stop. The government promises protection for the peopleRead MoreTerrorism And Terrorism : Terrorism1231 Words   |  5 Pages Terrorism is a common term used in the media and news everyday, especially in the United States. We are in a constant battle against ‘terrorism’, â€Å"Counterterrorism has to be woven into the everyday workings of every department. It should be included on the agenda of every meeting†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Kelling Bratton, 2006). Terrorism and How to Respond All terrorism is criminal but not all criminals are terrorists. Terrorism unlike most crimes has a political agenda behind it. Many terrorists are involved withRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism851 Words   |  4 PagesTerrorist attacks are major threats that could occur in any nation. Terrorism is one of those things that can happen at any time. It will strike in small, medium and large cities. Although we will never be able to remove all risk from terrorism, we can definitely reduce the risk through hazard mitigation and disaster preparedness (GBRA, 2011). To better understand terrorism we need to know what it is. Terrorism can be defined as the use of force or violence against persons or property in violationRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1377 Words   |  6 PagesTerrorism in Sudan In the past, Sudan had been designated as a State Sponsor of Terrorism regarding support for international terrorist groups. However, Sudan has changed its approach ever since the 9/11 attacks has been aiding the United States in diminishing the pervasiveness of terrorist groups in Sudan, and in the world. Recently, Sudan has remained cooperative with the United States in its war on counter terrorism. Sudan has taken many preventive measures to keep these terrorist groups outRead MoreThe Effects Of Terrorism On Terrorism And Terrorism944 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Terrorism â€Å"The history of terrorism is a history of well-known and historically significant individuals, entities, and incidents associated, whether rightly or wrongly, with terrorism,† (History of Terrorism). The history of terrorism is a long bloody road. One of the bloodiest of acts of terrorism in the early years, was the reign of terror. In which, the Jacobin leader, Maximilien Robespierre, executed 40,000 people. Newspapers coined the word â€Å"Terrorism† as a way of describing RobespierreRead MoreTerrorism Between Terrorism And Terrorism1207 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion † What trends are evident in terrorism over the past 5 years? How have these trends impacted on the ways in which counter terrorism has responded in the Australian context? Introduction Terrorism poses a serious security challenge to the Australia and globally as it prevalence has increased over a decade although less attacks occur in the Western nations. The purpose of this assignment is to examine what trends and terrorist tactics are evident internationally over the past 5 years andRead MoreTerrorism Between Terrorism And Terrorism2012 Words   |  9 PagesTerrorism has played a brutal and alarming role in societies across the world. Many nations have been confronted with the need to develop solutions in the wake of tragedies caused by terrorism. Unfortunately, terrorist organizations are still operating and terrorist acts have continued. Many questions that have still gone unanswered despite careful study, but governments are finding some relief when collaborating with anti-terrorism organizations (Fischer, 2002). Terrorists have struck almost everywhere

Arab Minority Relations During World War II - 2700 Words

Israel has become a complex issue for discussion from the moment of its’ establishment after World War II. It is discussed on different levels, starting from conversations over lunch and ending with discussion among heads of states. The right of Jewish population for this land, as well as the militaristic politics of Israel is constantly on the global agenda. At the same time, many people tend to ignore the state of other side in this conflict – the Arab population that remained on the Israeli territory after the formation of a new state. This paper studies the place of Arab minorities in Israel, with a special focus on the rights and position of Arab population during the first stages of the establishment of Israeli state. The Jewish majority and the Arab minority in Israel are the two groups that have not yet realized their new position in society. For the Arab minority in Israel, which is connected to the Palestinians in the territories and the Arab and Muslim world, it is difficult to realize itself a minority. The Jews, who throughout history have been a minority in their countries of residence and only became a majority in Israel, it is too hard to learn a new sense of being the majority. Plenty of existing problems particularly religious, national and territorial lead to a conflict between the two groups. System of relations between the Jewish majority and the Arab minority in the State of Israel is complicated and contains a number of unresolved issues. The axis hasShow MoreRelated Nationalism In The Middle East Essay1564 Words   |  7 Pages The study of international relations is very broad and complex. It is the study of nations and states and how they are formed. It is also the study of me asures, such as revolutions and wars, that create different nations and states and the reasons behind such measures. One important concept in international relations is the view of nationalism. Nationalism is a part of every nation and state and thus is relevant to each country. An important geographical area where nationalism relates directly toRead MoreRace As A Social Construction1679 Words   |  7 PagesAfter extensive study by scientists, it was concluded that there are no distinct biological characteristics of the race. Instead race, as the modern world had come to understand it, is a set of arbitrary distinctions of groups of people that genetically have no significance. Race is a relatively new concept. Coined by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach during the age of enlightenment around the late 18th century. The idea was expounded upon by Arthur de Gobineau in the mid-1800s. Gobineau theorized that thereRead MoreIran-Iraq War Essay1610 Words   |  7 PagesIran-Iraq War The eight year Iran-Iraq War was, by the standards of international conflicts, a very long one. It lasted longer than both World War I and World War II. In this conflict, the two most powerful states in the Persian Gulf, Iran and Iraq, who were the world’s largest producers of petroleum, were locked in mortal combat and appeared intent on destroying each other. The war began when Iraq invaded Iran, simultaneously launching an invasion by air and land into Iranian territory on SeptemberRead MoreThe Fall Of The Ottoman Empire1357 Words   |  6 Pagesmidst of World War II. They aided in the transferring of supplies to the Soviet Union, but eventually President Harry Truman protested the prolonged presence of the Soviets in Iran. In preparation for what lied after World War II, Truman started a partnership with Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi of Iran in 1941. Even more, they managed to bring Turkey into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Next, after the conflict that transpired in Palestine between the Zionists and the Arab PalestiniansRead MoreTruman and the Creation of Israel Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pagesfor a new state of Israel after the atrocities committed against the Jews in World War Two, President Franklin D Roosevelts adopted a neutral policy towards Palestine. Roosevelt felt like the United States needed complete cooperation from Jews and Muslims before they could get involved. When Roosevelt passed away in April of 1945, Harry Truman was thrown into the presidency of the United States. Along with the ongoing war with Japan and difficulties with the Soviet Union, there was immediate pressureRead MoreIsrael Is A Small Democracy At The Eastern End Of The Mediterranean1349 Words   |  6 Pagespercent is Jewish; most of the rest of Israel s population is Arab. The term Arab denotes persons descended from tribes inhabiting the Arabian Peninsula or persons speaking the Arabic language. By this definition, there are about 250 million Arabs worldwide, most found in the group of countries occupying North Africa and the western part of the Middle East. Most Arabs are Muslims, but a significant minority (about 10 percent) in the Arab Middle East are Christians, and some are secular (profess noRead MoreConflict Between Iran And Iraq Essay1590 Words   |  7 Pagesfind a region within the world today, which has experienced as much conflict, as the Middle East. The bloodiest and most volatile of these conflicts would be the Iran-Iraq war, proving to be the most bitter and detrimental conflict since World War II, and the worst the region has seen in recent years. Hostile relations and continued territorial clashes occurred between these two countries before September 22, 1980, however this day would mark the official declaration of war on Iran by Saddam HusseinRead MoreThe Arab- Israeli Conflict Essay1516 Words   |  7 PagesThe Arab- Israeli Conflict AO1: What are the main differences between the beliefs and attitudes of the Jews/Israelis and the Arabs/ Palestinians towards the land now called Israel with the Gaza Strip and the West Bank? The Arab- Israeli conflict is one of the most interesting conflicts that have strained relations between the Muslims and the Jews which involves a small but significant piece of land known as Palestine (Israel today). This conflict is not rooted inRead MoreThe United States And The Middle East2128 Words   |  9 Pages Following World War II, the major international powers in the Middle East began to lose influence over the area. In 1946, France and Great Britain were forced to withdrawal from their colonized states by the United Nation Security Council when a delegation of the Middle Eastern countries called for the removal the colonial mandates on Middle East, specifically in Palestine (Department of Public Information). While Britain and France did not completely abandon their influence over the area, the removalRead MoreEssay about The Right of Reigious Freedom1219 Words   |  5 Pagesembedded in the modern collection of liberties. Religion has been historically one of the most powerful forces in shaping the morals of humanity. According to the 1993 Project on Religion and Human rights; Religion is defined as: Encompassing a world view or set of beliefs, along with a value system and a way of life embodying and expressing these beliefs. They are not merely a matter of belief or doctrine, but actually constitute an integral culture which can form personal and social identity

The Mythological Trickster free essay sample

Hannibal Lecter Brenna Collier HUM 115 October 21, 2010 The mythological trickster; to some he is a deviant bent on bringing about chaos and evil, to others he is a helpful aid to society, poorly misunderstood. Trickster comes in many forms and can serve many purposes. It is said that trickster has some common traits yet it is also said in â€Å"Mapping mythic tricksters† (Hynes, 1993) that trickster is indefinable. Still we can use certain trait definitions to show observation of trickster at his best and perhaps his worst as well.It is pointed out by Hynes (1993), that there are six characteristics most commonly associated with trickster, trickster can be ambiguous and anomalous, a deceiver and trick player, a shape shifter, a situation inverter, a messenger and imitator of the gods, and sacred and lewd bricoleur. Any trickster that we look at will fit many if not all of these characteristics. Hannibal Lecter, a vicious killer and cannibal from the movie Silence of the lambs is a modern day trickster. We will write a custom essay sample on The Mythological Trickster or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page At first glance Lecter appears to be nothing more than a psychotic freak with a taste for human flesh but upon closer inspection one can see that he is far more. At first glance Lecter seems to be a well educated man with good manners and well developed taste. However, one must look behind the facade and remember that Lecter is a brutal killer who in his own mind has done nothing wrong. It is necessary to know a bit about Lecter’s history in order to properly see how he fits into the trickster stereotype rather than just that of a monstrous psychopath. Lecter was born in Lithuania on January 20, 1933 to parents of nobility.At about the age of 10 his family moved to their cabin in the woods in an attempt to stay safe from the war efforts that were going on but his mother and father both ended up dead leaving Hannibal and his little sister Mischa to fend for themselves. Eventually some men came to the cabin and took shelter there but rather than help Hannibal and Mischa they held them captive. Eventually Mischa is consumed by the men and fed to an unknowing Hannibal as well. Hannibal manages to escape and is taken back to his families own castle which has been turned into an orphanage.Hannibal eventually leaves the orphanage and heads to France in search of his Uncle. Upon his arrival in France he finds that his Uncle has passed but his Aunt, the Lady Murasaki is more than willing to take him in. Hannibal is at this point, provided with the best of education and resources but still holds anger and revenge deep inside of his tortured soul. A local merchant makes a comment that Hannibal feels is very unpleasant and rude to his aunt and ends up becoming Hannibal’s first kill. The authorities however, are unable to prosecute Hannibal for lack of evidence.Hannibal heads off to medical school only to hear information about the men who had a hand in eating his sister and decides it is time to exact his revenge. He does so of course and with each man that he kills, cuts off a portion of their cheek while telling them â€Å"a cheek for a cheek† and then proceeds to eat it. At this point we are brought to Hannibal’s memories of the men testing his sister’s cheeks for fatness before they killed her. At this point Hannibal has risen and has become the serial killer we all know from such movies as The silence of the lambs (1991), Red dragon (2002), and Hannibal (2001).The next time we see Hannibal is in The silence of lambs when FBI agent Clarise Starling attempts to use him to profile another serial killer known as Buffalo Bill. Hannibal helps of course but not without his own motives. This is where we begin to see the real trickster that is Hannibal come into play and from this point of we refer to Hannibal as Dr. Lecter or just Lecter. Though Lecter is incarcerated for vicious killings of his own and therefore looked at as a menace to society he becomes detrimental in the case against Buffalo Bill.In this way he has become godlike if we look at the traits listed by Hynes, (1993) because he holds in his mind several keys to the unraveling of Buffalo Bill and the saving of a young woman being held captive by him. We can see here what is being discussed in Introduction to mythology (Thury, Devinney, 2009) in the chapter about Raven. It is mentioned that at the same time Raven plays pranks to get what he wants he also provides both practical and moral lessons to humans, this is what Lecter does. In many ways Lecter actually plays mentor to agent Starling and forces her to confront the events of her paste that plague her today.Lecter does this to help her so that she will be prepared to take on Buffalo Bill. Lecter is able to easily cross many boundaries and does not hesitate to do so. He is physically deformed which crosses a physical boundary even though the deformity is not his fault, Lecter has an extra middle finger on one hand, but there is some discrepancy as to which hand between the novels and movies. He crosses the moral boundaries of most people because he kills without hesitation or remorse. Lecter does this however, only because he feels he is cleaning the earth of rude, manner less, individuals and Lecter despises rudeness.Lecter has a penchant for leaving the majority of people fully intact unless they offend his distinguished sensibilities in some way. In fact when Miggs, a man in the cell next door makes comments about liking the small of Starling’s â€Å"cunt† Lecter is not pleased and the next morning Miggs is found dead in his cell. It never says how Hannibal manages to kill Miggs but makes it only too obvious that he does. Another interesting thing about Lecter is that he never takes a souvenir from his victims, though some say t he souvenir is the flesh that he eats. Lecter is even able to cross social and geographical boundaries easily because he comes across as such a well cultured man, and really if one thinks about it, he is. Many times Lecter is able to get out of the country or mix in with police, or other socialites when he is on the run. Lecter is easily able to change situations to fit his needs. He usually does this through use of his psychiatry skills but whichever method he uses on any given day, Lecter is usually successful. He is not immune to getting caught in his own trap though as we see by the fact that in Silence of the lambs he has been incarcerated.This goes to show that he is vulnerable just as any trickster. One of his other vulnerabilities is agent Starling. To Lecter Starling becomes Mischa in a way and he views her as his to love and protect. Starling can be his undoing at almost any time because though Lecter remains on guard with her, there are moments where that guard drops in her presence. Though most of us may despise Lecter for the monstrosity that we feel he has become I think it can be more beneficial to look at the many lessons he can teach all of us about how we live our lives on a daily basis.

The Marketing Environment Essay Example

The Marketing Environment Essay 1. The changing and uncertain marketing environment deeply affects the organization’. Discuss this statement,explaining what is meant by the’marketing environment’ and explaining how it might affect marketing plans and activities with an example. The Marketing Environment The marketing environment refers to all of the internal and external forces that affect a marketer’s ability to create, communicate, deliver and exchange offerings of value. The factors and forces within the marketing environment can be classified as belonging to the internal environment, the micro-environment, and the macro-environment. The internal environment refers to the organization itself and the factors that are directly controllable by the organization. The micro-environment comprises the forces and factors at play inside the industry in which the marketer operates. Micro-environmental factors affect all parties in the industry, including suppliers, distributors, customers and competitors. The macro-environment comprises the larger-scale forces that influence not only the industry in which the marketer operates, but all industries. Macro-environmental factors include political forces, economic forces, sociocultural forces, technological forces and legal forces. This macro-environmental framework has been called the PESTL framework. Micro-environmental and macro-environmental forces are outside of the organization and, while they can be influenced, they cannot be directly controlled. The internal environment refers to its parts, people and processes. An organization is able to directly control the factors in its internal environment. A thorough understanding of the internal environment ensures that marketers understand the organisation’s strengths and weaknesses, which positively and negatively affect the organisation’s ability to compete in the marketplace. We will write a custom essay sample on The Marketing Environment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Marketing Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Marketing Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The micro-environment consists of customers, clients, partners, competitors and other parties that make up the organisation’s industry. The organization cannot directly control its micro-environment and respond to the current and future needs and wants of their target market. They must understand how each of their partners’ processes work and how their partnerships benefit each party. They must also understand the risks involved in working with partners and the relative power balance between the organization and each partner. Suppliers are a particularly crucial partner. Marketers must identify, assess, monitor and manage risks to supplies and risks to the price of supplies. To succeed, marketers must ensure their offerings provide their target market with greater value than their competitors’ offerings. Thus, marketers seek to understand their competitors’ marketing mix, sales volumes, sales trends, market share, staffing, sales per employee and employment trends. Marketers should analyse total budget competition, generic competition, product competition and brand competition. The macro-environment encompasses uncontrollable factors outside of the industry: political, economic, sociocultural, technological and legal forces. Political forces describe the influence of politics on marketing decisions. Economic forces affect how much money people and organizations can spend and how they choose to spend it. Sociocultural forces affect people’s attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, preferences, customs and lifestyles. Technological forces are those arising from the search for a better way to do things. Technology changes the expectations and behaviors of customers and clients as well as how organisations work with their partners and within society. Laws and regulations are closely tied to politics and establish the rules under which organizations must conduct their activities. The most significant laws and regulations for marketers are related to privacy, fair trading, consumer safety, prices, contract terms and intellectual property. Marketing metrics are used to measure current performance and the outcomes of past activities. A SWOT analysis is used to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The example: Wenzhou Shoes 2004? 9? 17? ,â€Å" † —— ,? 400 , , 800 September 17, 2004, European shoes the eastern town of Elche, Spain, China Shoes City, about 400 Spaniards gathered unidentified street, destroyed a bus carrying Wenzhou shoe container truck and a Wenzhou shoe warehouse, causing about 800 million yuan of economic losses. This is the first ever Spanish Chinese business interests of serious violations of the violence. , ,? 2001 , , In fact, data show that since 2001, Wenzhou shoes incident overseas every year by resistance occurred, and there is an upward trend: 2001? 8 2002? 1? , , August 2001 to January 2002, Russia had seized the incident occurred once, Wenzhou shoes involved. , 3 , The longest that the goods seized, the whole Zhejiang loss of about 3 billion yuan loss of individual enterprises million yuan or more. 2003 ,20 , The winter of 2003, more than 20 products of Wenzhou footwear shoe was burned in Rome, Italy, the specific loss is unknown. 004? 1? 8? , â€Å" †, January 8, 2004, the Nigerian Government issued list of banned imports, Wenzhou shoes one of them. 2004? 2? 12? , â€Å" † , 3000 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦February 12, 2004, the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs sent a large number of police raids in Moscow, Aimila big market goods, Chinese businessmen, including China, Wenzhou shoe manufacturers, including business loss of about $ 30,000,000 this , 2001 40%, 30%, 4. 6 Relevant data and background information, Wenzhou shoe production for export as early as in 2001, jumped 40%, close to 30% of total output, only from Wenzhou Customs exit of shoes to the value of $ 460,000,000. 10 ,? â€Å" †? â€Å" †? , â€Å" † , Wenzhou top 10 in several shoe factories to produce shoes for export oriented, such as the East Art, Tema, etc. , including Tema, including several of Wenzhou shoe factory, and also Wal-Mart signed production agreement for the global retail industry hegemony of mass production for supermarkets sell cheap shoes. , , , 10 ~30 , 10 From the product level , at present, most of Chinas export of footwear is still the middle and low variety, low prices, generally 10 dollars to 30 dollars, many even less than 10 dollars. 9 â€Å" † 5 ? Took place in September this year, Spains burning shoes incident was burned average unit price of the shoes only 5 euros. , ( OEM ) Exports of high-end shoes and own-brand share are very small, and exports more products to OEM manner. ? , , â€Å" † , , , For example, most of the production of footwear sales in the U. S. low-end shoe store, while in the United States, the high-end shoe store also can procure the Chinese shoes of the shadow, but the price was lower than Italy, Spain, Brazil and other countries products, and all Chinese-made shoes are not their own brands, trademarks and brands are using overseas. , Some of the same grade shoe prices in foreign markets and products to be lower than the country of origin, and some even lower than Vietnam, and Thailands exports. , ; , , ; , 10 2200? , View from the export enterprises, private enterprises accounted for most; see from the export area, mainly in Wenzhou, Zhejiang, Fujian Jinjiang, Quanzhou, Guangdong, Shandong, Sichuan and other regions, and has established a number of shoe manufacturing base; from the export scale , the current export value of 10 million U. S. dollars more than 2,200 enterprises, accounting for nearly half of the total number of export enterprises. â€Å" † , â€Å" † , â€Å" †? â€Å" , , † The Spanish case, we need to think about the brand. We do not have world-renowned brand, which is the international competition of Chinese shoes in the greatest difficulty. Executive vice president of Cornell, said Zhou Jinmiao interview. Members of Light Industry Import and Export Corporation Wenzhou Foreign Trade Wai seems to know China better than anyone in the international market brand shoes difficult. â€Å" BATA , , 100 , † Well-known supermarket chains in Europe BATA , there are a lot of shoes from around the world, but I never found more than 100 euros over Chinese shoes. Chinese shoe brands in the world, not only to low-end shoes to compete. Spain burning low-end shoes is the result of competition. 2. Describe in detail the five marketing management orientation. Discuss the marketer’s argument for why an organization should embrace the market orientation. Marketing Management Orientation The Marketing Orientation and the Marketing Concept. An organization with a market orientation focuses its efforts on 1)continuously collecting information about customers needs and competitors capabilities, 2) sharing this information across departments, and 3) using the information to create customer value. The market orientation simply defines an organization that understands the importance of customer needs, makes an effort to provide products of high value to its customers, and markets its products and services in a coordinated holistic program across all departments. In what we call the Marketing Concept, the company embraces a philosophy that the Customer is King. † The Marketing Concept is an attitude. Its a philosophy that is driven down throughout the organization from the very top of the management structure. The Marketing Concept communicates that the customer is king. Everything that the company does focuses on the customer. Via the Marketing Concept, a company makes every effort to best understand the wants and needs of its target market and to create want-satisfying goods that best fulfill the needs of that target market and to do this better than the competition. It wasnt always that way. There were other orientations that companies embraced over the years. The Produ ction Concept has been around for years. That concept simply suggests that customers prefer inexpensive products that are readily available. In effect, if we make it, they will come. The Product Concept suggests that companies that build the better mousetrap will gain favor. The thinking here is that customers want products that have higher quality, that offer better performance or do something unique. The Selling Concept proceeded the Marketing Concept. From the 1920s until the 1950s, most firms had a sales orientation. Competition had grown, and there was a need to pursue the scarce customer. Sales could mean everything from sales people to advertising to public relations, but little effort was made to coordinate any overall marketing function. What we often saw in the Selling Concept was the hard sell and the belief that consumers wouldnt purchase unless they were sold. The Holistic Marketing Concept that is embraced in the 21st century results in companies looking at their overall marketing efforts. This includes how their marketing affects society, as a whole. Marketing is also done internally within the company. Without customers, a company will quickly flounder thus the importance of the relationship. Holistic marketing looks at the connectivity of the company, its people, its customers, and the society in which it operates. The Societal Marketing Concept focuses on. Market positioning in the 70s of last century by the American Marketing experts Iris and Jack Trouts, its meaning is an enterprise based on existing products on the market competitors, the location of the products for a customer These characteristics or attributes of the emphasis, create unique products for the enterprise, giving the impression of a distinctive image, and to pass such a vivid image to the customer, so that the products in the market to determine the appropriate location. Market positioning of a product itself is not what you do, but you do the eyes of potential consumers. The essence of market orientation to the enterprise and other enterprises strictly separated, so that customers clearly feel and recognize the difference, which the customer occupies a special place in mind. Another argument is the product positioning, target market positioning, competitive positioning. Market positioning is the key enterprises should try to find their products more competitive than the competitions features. Competitive advantage is generally two basic types: one is price competitive, that is, under the same conditions set lower prices than the competition. This requires companies to take all efforts to reduce unit costs. Second, competitive preference, which can provide certain features to meet customer specific preferences. This requires companies to take every effort to work on the product features. Therefore, the whole process of the enterprise market positioning can be accomplished through three steps: 1) Analysis of the status of the target market to confirm the potential of this business a competitive advantage 2) The exact choice of competitive advantage, the initial positioning of the target market Competitive advantage that the ability of companies to outperform its competitors. This capability can be either existing, may also be potential. Select a competitive advantage is actually a business and competitor strength compared to all aspects of the process. Indicators should be a relatively complete system, the only way to accurately select the relative competitive advantage. The usual method is to analyze, compare companies and competitors in business management, technology development, procurement, production, marketing, finance, and what kinds of products is the strength of seven areas, which are weak. To select the most suitable for the business advantages of the project, initially set to target enterprise market position. 3) Shows a distinct competitive advantage and re-positioning The main task of this step is the enterprise through a series of publicity and promotion activities, the competitive advantage of its unique and accurate communication to potential customers and impress in the minds of customers. To this end, companies should first understand the target customer, know, know, identity, love and preference of the companys market position, established in the minds of customers is consistent with the positioning of the image. Second, companies target customers through a variety of efforts to strengthen the image and maintain understanding of target customers, target customers attitude stability and deepening the feelings of the target customers to consolidate in line with the markets image. Finally, enterprises should pay attention to the target customers understand their market position or because of deviations propaganda enterprise market positioning errors caused by target customers fuzzy, chaos and misunderstanding, and promptly correct the inconsistencies in the image and market positioning. Companys products in the market positioning even if it is appropriate, but in the following circumstances, should consider re-positioning: (1) Introduction of new competitors, product positioning in the vicinity of the enterprise products, enterprise products occupied part of the market, so that the decline in market share of enterprise products. 2) Consumer needs or preferences change, so that the enterprise product sales plummeted. To avoid the strong positioning strategy: trying to avoid is the most powerful business or other enterprise directly place a strong competition, while positioning their products in another market area, to make their products with certain characteristics or attributes the strongest or strong opponents are more significant differences. Head-positioning strategy: is an enterprise based on its own strength, to occupy a better market position, at the market on the dominant, most powerful or compete head-strong competitors, leaving their own and rival products into the the same market position. Looking for new but not yet occupied the position of the potential market demand to fill vacancies on the market, production market, not, with some characteristics of products. Such as Japans Sony Corporation Sony Walkman and a number of new